Sensing odors is an extremely important ability humans have as living organisms. This ability is required for humans to maintain appropriate eating behavior and to protect themselves from imminent danger. The term “odor” includes naturally occurring odors from food and flowers, and artificial odors from synthetic essences, as well as...
In our previous report, we introduced the concept of GI-XRD (grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction) with a 2-dimensional (2D) detector for thin film samples. However, it seems we have not fully explained how well a 2D-SAXS/WAXS (reflection) attachment works in GI-XRD with a 2D detector.
In a crystal, atoms or molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional, repetitive pattern, and the properties of the crystal are determined by the chemical composition of the constituent atoms or molecules. The typical image of a crystal is a grain of a single crystal such as salt or alum, but...
Cement is one of the most essential materials in modern construction. In this article, the term “cement” means Portland cement, which is typically a grayish powder to be solidified by a hydration reaction. Portland cement comprises most of the total cement production.
The cement manufacturing process is composed of three...
As a handy and quick elemental analysis technique, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is widely used in many industrial fields. It should be noted that energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) spectrometers provide opportunities for miniaturization, because their system configuration does not require a dispersive element or goniometer. In addition, because of their...
Total reflection of X-rays occurs on the surface of a measured object by X-ray irradiation at an extremely low glancing angle (less than 0.1°). X-rays penetrate into a measuring object to a depth of only several (≈10) nm. Therefore, elements on the surface of the sample carrier are excited efficiently...
Recently, products development, failure analysis of electronic devices and quality control requirements has increased demand for X-ray CT 3D image viewing analysis. Powerful CPUs and GPUs have greatly improved computer processing throughput for this technique.
Rigaku has been contributing to the fields of drug discovery and development, preclinical testing, and...
The discovery of graphite and its industrial use dates back to the 16th century, more than 200 years before the first industrial revolution, which took place from the middle of the 18th to the 19th century. The first industrial use of graphite was as pencil lead and fire-retardant materials. It...
Since the earliest experiments, X-ray crystallographers became accustomed to directly observing reciprocal space. Initial experiments were performed using area detectors with photographic film as the detection medium. While accurate measurement of diffracted intensity was not possible, observing the space around reflections was. Initially experiments used flat arrangements of photographic film...